骨笛让我们听见远古的旋律，而契刻符号盛康优配，则让我们读懂远古的思想。它们揭示了文明的两种起点——情感与理性。
The bone flute lets us hear the melodies of antiquity, while the incised symbols allow us to read its thoughts. They reveal the twin origins of civilization—emotion and reason.
据相关记载，20世纪80年代以来，考古学家在贾湖遗址出土的数千件文物中，发现20余件随葬的龟甲、骨器、石器和陶器上刻有符号。
Since the 1980s, archaeologists have discovered over twenty artifacts—tortoise shells, bone implements, stone tools, and pottery—from the Jiahu site inscribed with carved symbols.
Q:契刻符号有几类？
截至目前，较为公认的可确认的契刻符号 共有17例。
展开剩余88%To date, seventeen of these incised signs have been widely recognized as authentic. Some have been interpreted as resembling the forms of "eye," "sun," or "jia" (the first of the Ten Heavenly Stems), while others may represent divinatory symbols, solar imagery, or seal marks.
图为刻符龟腹甲片（河南博物院藏）
Professor Zhang Juzhong盛康优配, who led the main excavations at the Jiahu site, believes the carved symbols can be roughly divided into 3 types.
(1)complex multi-stroke combinations that likely recorded specific events, showing features of proto-writing;
(2)seal-like or ownership marks carved on stone tools or pottery;
(3)tally-like notches incised on tortoise shells, possibly used for counting, similar to those found at Banpo and Jiangzhai sites.
Q:契刻符号与现代汉字的联系？
张居中教授分析，至少部分贾湖契刻符号在 结构、组合方式与书写特征上与现代汉字基本一致：以 笔画为基本单位，均是笔画组 字根、再 合体的 拼合式结构，书写规律也遵循“ 先横后竖、先上后下、先左后右”等原则，显示其可能已具备原始文字的性质。
Professor Zhang Juzhong noted that at least some of the carved symbols from the Jiahu site share fundamental structural and compositional features with Chinese characters. They are built from basic strokes, combined into components and then into whole forms, following writing principles such as "horizontal before vertical," "top before bottom," and "left before right." This suggests that the symbols may already exhibit the characteristics of proto-writing.
张居中等学者认为，在进入成熟语词文字阶段前，文字的发展要经历记事符号、图形记事、 语段文字三个阶段。贾湖契刻符号应处于第三阶段，即用一个表意符号或一组抽象的图画来记录一句话或一件事情的语段文字阶段。虽然符号抽象难解，但它们都具有一定的 形、传递了当时主人一定的意 义；义是需要用语言来解读的，可以推测在这些符号的背后有着对应的 语言。由此，这些刻画符号已具备文字的 形、音、义基本要素。
Zhang Juzhong and colleagues suggest that before reaching the stage of fully developed word-based writing, the evolution of writing went through three phases: mnemonic symbols, pictorial record-keeping, and proto-sentence writing. The Jiahu symbols appear to belong to the third phase, in which a single ideogram or a group of abstract images is used to record a sentence or an event. Though abstract and difficult to interpret, these symbols already exhibit the fundamental elements of writing—form盛康优配, sound, and meaning.
陕西师范大学王晖教授指出，贾湖刻符与殷墟甲骨文高度相似，为探索甲骨文起源提供了可靠证据。他提出，贾湖遗址龟甲、陶器上的“目”“九”“乙”等符号，可与殷墟甲骨文的写法相对照，且具有较高的象形性，从中可以观察到文字性符号形成初期的面貌，应是有语义的文字性符号，符合原始文字起源于图画的观点。
Professor Wang Hui of Shaanxi Normal University argues that the strong resemblance between Jiahu signs and the oracle bone of Yinxu provides credible evidence for tracing the latter’s origin. He points out that symbols such as "eye (目),""nine (九)," "yi (乙)," …… found on tortoise shells and pottery at Jiahu correspond closely to the forms of oracle bone characters. Their high degree of pictographic similarity reveals what the earliest stage of written symbols may have looked like—semantic markings that support the view that primitive writing evolved from pictorial representations.
贾湖遗址刻符与甲骨文、现代汉字比较表（来源 河南博物院官网）
但也有一些学者持审慎态度，强调贾湖刻符虽具备文字要素，但距离成熟文字尚有一定距离，需进一步探究其与后续文字形式的直接联系。
However, some scholars maintain a cautious stance, emphasizing that while the Jiahu symbols possess elements of a writing system, they still fall short of being a fully developed . Further research is needed to explore their direct connection to subsequent forms of writing.
Q:契刻符号的意义？
贾湖契刻符号早于殷墟甲骨文约5000年，也领先于古埃及纸草文字和两河流域楔形文字。它为 探索汉字起源提供了珍贵资料，也表明中国早期文明与宗教意识的萌发极早。尽管学界仍有争议，但多数研究者认为，它是汉字演化链条中不可忽视的一环，见证了 中华文明由区域性向统一性发展的历程。
The Jiahu incised symbols predate the oracle bone inions of Yinxu by some five millennia, and even precede the papyrus of Egypt and cuneiform writing of Mesopotamia. They offer invaluable evidence for the study of Chinese origins and attest to the early emergence of religious and symbolic consciousness in China. Despite ongoing scholarly debate, most researchers acknowledge their crucial role in the evolutionary chain of Chinese writing—a testament to the gradual unification of early regional cultures into the Chinese civilization.
【参考文献】
[1]张居中,王昌燧. 试论刻画符号与文字起源——从舞阳贾湖契刻原始文字谈起 [J]. 中国书法, 2001, (02): 47-48.
[2]桂娟, 袁月明, 徐欧露. “中华文明的星火从这里点燃”[N]. 新华每日电讯, 2023-11-24 (009).
[3]成博. 透过贾湖刻符追寻汉字起源 张居中揭秘“8000年前的‘仓颉’们”[N]. 四川日报, 2023-07-14 (009).
[4]王晖.中国文字起源时代研究[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2011, 40(03):5-23.
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